Sir Edward G. D. Bulwer-Lytton, the youngest of the three sons of General
William Earle Bulwer (1757-1807) of Heydon Hall in Norfolk and the Herfordshire
heiress Elizabeth Barbara Lytton (1773-1843) of the Robinson and Lytton
families of Knebworth, was born at 31 Baker Str., London, on 25 May,
1803. Within a year, Mrs. Bulwer sought legal guardianship of her children
through the Court of Chancery owing to her husband's volcanic temperament.
The British government, in anticipation of a Napoleonic invasion, at
that time appointed General Bulwer military commander of Lancashire
to arrange for that county's defence. However, on 7 July, 1807, General
Bulwer, died before he could be elevated to the peerage in recognition
for his service to his country. In 1812, the widow sent Edward to Dr.
Ruddock's school in Fulham, but, as a result of ill-treatment there,
she transferred him to Dr. Hooker's school at Rottingdean. Despite his
precocity and early love of books, inherited from his mother, he was
not accomplishing anything academically, and his mother was concerned
that he would be ill-prepared for university.
In the summer,
1820, while Bulwer was studying Latin, Greek, history, and rhetoric
under Rev. Charles Wallington at Ealing in preparation for attending
Cambridge, he fell deeply in love with a girl known to others only as
"Lucy D---." Before the relationship could develop from the
platonic stage, "the mysterious girl suddenly disappeared one day
-- removed by her father and harried into a ruinous marriage" (Christensen
4), driving young Edward into a Byronic melancholy. Three years later,
the girl wrote Bulwer that she was still in love with him--and dying.
She summoned him to her graveside in the Lake District, and, in 1833,
while traveling through England and abroad, he made a pilgrimage to
her grave in Ullswater. The experience apparently brought him out of
his melancholia. Subsequently, while staying at Knebworth, he had a
brief affair with Lord Byron's ex-mistress, Lady Caroline Lamb which
"led indirectly to the life-long torture of his marriage to her
protÈgÈe, Rosina Wheeler" (Christensen 5).
In 1820, at his
mother's instigation, the London firm of J. Hatchard and Son published
the Byronic Ismael: An Oriental Tale, with Other Poems, for which, even
though sales were poor, young Edward received acknowledgement from Sir
Walter Scott. The following year, Edward honed his mathematics skills
under the tutelage of an Oxford scholar named Thomson, and in 1822 entered
Trinity College, Cambridge, during the Easter term, transferring to
Trinity Hall as a fellow-commoner in order to be excused from attending
lectures. Through the Union Debating Society he became acquainted with
the university's leading undergraduates, including the future historian
Thomas Babington Macaulay, Alexander Cockburn (later, a chief justice),
W. M. Praed, Charles Villiers, F. D. Maurice, Charles Buller, and Benjamin
Hall Kennedy, who years later would piece together Bulwer's novel from
his extant notes. While still at Cambridge, still working in the Byronic
mode, he published Delmour; or, A Tale of a Sylphid, and Other Poems.
In July, 1825, he was awarded the Chancellor's medal for his English
poem "Sculpture," which when published was immediately attacked
William Makepeace Thackeray in Fraser's Magazine, initiating a lifetime's
literary antipathy during which Thackeray dubbed Bulwer the novelist
"a silver fork polisher," the term "silver fork"
describing the species of high society novel that was much in vogue
throughout the century. At this time he also published the novel Rupert
de Lindsay and the poetry collectionWeeds and Wildflowers (1826). Taking
his his B.A., young Edward travelled to Paris, becoming acquainted with
the Marquise de la Rochejacquele and her two daughters in the Faubourg
St. Germain. After a dalliance with a well-born Parisian girl which
his mother, very much an anti-Catholic, broke off, Edward withdrew to
the woods around Versailles, riding and writing verse. Returning to
London in April, he quickly shook off his despondency by throwing himself
into fashionable society.
At an evening party,
he met Rosina Doyle Wheeler, a young Irish woman of wit and beauty,
niece of General Sir John Doyle. The mutual attraction was instantaneous,
and in August they declared their love. On 30 August, 1827, they married
at St. James's, London--much to his mother's displeasure. They spent
the next two years in Reading, happy despite the fact that Rosina's
income was only £80 per annum and his mother had cut off his allowance.
Their first child, Emily, was born at this time. Between 1827 and 1835,
their household expenditures amounted to approximately £3000 per
year, an extravagant lifestyle that necessitated Bulwer's becoming a
prolific writer: during these years, he wrote thirteen novels, two long
poems, four plays, a social history of England from the turn of the
century, a three-volume history of Athens, the tales collected in The
Student (1835); he edited the New Monthly Magazine (1831-2), and published
numerous essays anonymously in the Edinburgh Review, the Westminster
Review, the Monthly Chronicle, the Examiner, and the Literary Gazette.
His first novel,
the gloomy Byronic romance Falkland (1827) failed to excite public interest,
but Pelham; or, The Adventures of a Gentleman (1828), a 'Silver Fork'
novel of manners and fashionable life inaugurated his career as a fluent,
popular novelist. The hero's mother, Lady Frances, who possesses a sophisticated,
witty letter-writing style based on that of Lord Chesterfield, helped
to set a new fashion in evening wear, for in the novel she favours Black
as opposed to the then-popular Blue. InThe Disowned (Dec., 1828) the
young novelist drew upon his own youthful experiences with the Gypsies
near his mother's estates and his sojourn in France. His fourth novel,
Devereux(1829), set during the reign of Queen Anne, was his first (unsuccessful)
attempt at the genre of the historical novel. In August, 1830, he published
his first Newgate (crime) novel, Paul Clifford, the beginning of his
'novels with a purpose', the cause in this case being judicial reform.
On 8 November, 1831, Bulwer's son Robert was born; he would later become
a highly successful career diplomat and accomplished poet. Bulwer's
1832 historically-based psychological crime thriller Eugene Aram raised
a storm of protest because he had made a murderer (a self-educated scholar)
his hero. In 1833, he published Godolphin, a novel which is his first
to embody an occult theme. This large output of work, which included
poems such as The Siamese Twins (1831) as well as novels, strained the
Bulwers' marriage. Despite the success of The Last Days of Pompeii (1834),
Bulwer could not cease from his labours; he was often irritable and
neglected his family. After many violent quarrels, he and Rosina legally
separated in 1836. She continued to plague him for the rest of his life,
and indeed outlived him.
The trip to Italy
with Rosina in 1833-34 was the end of the marriage idyll, but that experience
combined with Bulwer's considerable reading of mediaeval and classical
history bore fruit not only in his 1834 sensation novel about the volcanic
destruction of the infamous Roman pleasure resort in August, 79 A.D.,
but also in the three-volume novel Rienzi; or, The Last of the Roman
Tribunes (1835), set in mediaeval Italy, and his two-volume study Athens,
Its Rise and Fall (1837). The five years immediately following his legal
separation from Rosina in April, 1836, saw Bulwer writing not only verse
and prose, but also verse drama. Meantime, he continued to write novels
skillfully blending metaphysics with his autobiographical observations
about contemporary high society -- Ernest Maltravers (1837) and its
companion, Alice; or, The Mysteries(1838), Night and Morning (1841),
and Zanoni (1842 -- all in the triple-decker format favoured by the
lending libraries.
In addition to his
writing and traveling, Bulwer-Lytton had a successful political career,
serving twice in Parliament -- first as a Whig Radical for eleven years
from 1831 and then, after an eleven year hiatus, as a Conservative MP
from 1852 to 1866, when he entered the House of Lords.
By nature diffident
and reserved, Bulwer-Lytton's increasing deafness only served to keep
him more and more out of the public eye. He lived alone at Knebworth
part of the year, spending the rest on the continent, taking the spa
waters to bolster his declining health. He found attending to the debates
in the House of Lords difficult, although he tried his best to follow
the arguments pro and con over the Second Reform Bill (1867). Honours
continued to be showered upon him: the Order and St. Michael and St.
George (15 January, 1870), an honorary LL.D. from Oxford (1864), the
rectorship of Glasgow University (1856, 1856), and even an offer of
the throne of Greece, left vacant by the abdication of King Otho. During
the late fall of 1872, his son Robert and his daughter-in-law having
returned from a diplomatic posting abroad, they stayed with Bulwer-Lytton
at Torquay. When they departed on 4 January, 1873, he began to complain
of excruciating pains and horrendous noises in both ears; a few days
later, he went blind. On the night on January 17th he suffered epileptic
seizures, dying in his sleep the following day, a victim of the ear
infection that had plagued him for years and had finally reached his
brain. On 25 January, he was buried in St. Edmund's Chapel, near Poets'
Corner, in Westminster Abbey.